Strategic Supply Chain Management And Logistics - 2199 Words

International Academy Of New Zealand Strategic Supply Chain Management and Logistics Assignment 2 Author: Gurdev Singh E-mail: singhgurdev89@ymail.com Research Paper for Element 1 DB704 Strategic Supply Chain Management and Logistics Abstract Supply chain is an important part of all businesses that provide in the various sectors of a finished product for the consumer. Humes Pipeline Systems, a leading company in the market, is an example of a company that has good management needs of the supply chain. Among the different models of the supply chain, it was found that the ERP, Value Chain, and Lean Supply models are the most recommended. The different roles of various functions to achieve the objective of the supply chain have also been developed that. Operations, production and human resources finally the key business driver’s facilities, technology, and transportation have a major impact on the achievement of objectives Humes. Key Words: Humes, Manufacturing, Supply chain Management, Supply chain models, Business functions, Key business drivers. Introduction Humes Pipeline Systems retains its pride in its creativity, manufacturing and professional team of talented, quality products and services in the market. The market is constantly changing newShow MoreRelatedLogistics Management And Supply Chain Management1171 Words   |  5 PagesLogistics and Supply Chain Management Topic: Do the terms, ‘logistics management’ and ‘supply chain management’ have the same meaning in operations and why logistics management might be of strategic importance to a manufacturing or service organisation. During last two decades, the importance of logistics has been noticed around the world. In global markets, the effects and further developments of logistics and supply chain management for corporate success has increased significantly that resultRead MoreCompetitive Supply Chain Relationship Management Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesCOMPETITIVE SUPPLY CHAIN RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ORGANIZATIONS PRACTICES THROUGH COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES. Over the years, the competition landscape for most companies has shifted from the highest-quality, lowest priced product or best performing product to the ability to respond to market needs quickly and get the right product at the right time to the right customer. This has in turn forced organizations to compete with their supply chain. 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The play an important role in high-value strategic relationships, in such relationships, it is important that the buyer and the supplier see the benefits they are gaining from the continuous relationship. Trust Trust can be defined as the willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence (MoormanRead MoreDual Approach For Information Technology Strategic Management Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof IT in the logistics sector. We conclude that IT will contribute to competitive advantage in limited cases and that most often the â€Å"strategic necessity† hypothesis will apply. We suggest a dual approach to information technology strategic management: on one hand, the firm should develop the capability to implement efficiently some â€Å"standard† solutions on an opportunity-based approach; on the other hand, it should embed its IT system in the organization with a strong top management commitment andRead MoreThe Company : A Business Planning Framework For A Global Provider Of Health Care Consumer Products1136 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginally founded as a family-owned pharmaceutical supply business in 1923, the company has expanded, by virtue of aggressive new product development, into a global provider of health care consumer products. It consumes three wholly owned subsidiaries, manufacturing grocery product, drugs, and mass merchandise. Intense rivalry in the market, and distresses of having an effective supply chain, made the company evaluate its supply chain and logistics. 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Approaches Improving Effectiveness Efficie â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Need To Have A Marketing Strategy? What Is The Importance Of Having A Marketing Strategy To Improve The Business Structure For The Hotel? What Is The Impact Of A Marketing Strategy To Improve The Business Structure Of Melbourne Hotel? What Are The Recommendations That Will Enhance Effective Marketing Strategy Of Melbourne Marriot Hotel? Answers: Introduction This section will discuss the concept of marketing as well as provide examples of marketing strategies that are effective in improving the business structure of a company. Also, this section will discuss the significance and importance of marketing strategies that can be adopted by Melbourne Marriot Hotel towards improving its business structure. The concept of a marketing strategy A marketing strategy is a plan drafted by a business, company or firm for purposes of selling certain products and services. A marketing strategy is significant as it determines how well a business can compete with other similar business in the same industry. Besides, a marketing strategy plays an important role in increasing the market share through attracting more customers to the business (Hult 2011). Marketing strategies which are developed to improve business structure are pegged on several key elements. These components include the market, competition and consumer. Pricing is also a crucial factor when it comes to developing an effective marketing strategy. A business has to consider the price it offers its product to the market as well as competitors prices for purposes of determining the best price to sell products or services without exploiting the consumer. A product or service plays a crucial role in determining a marketing strategy that will be used to sell the products. A good and quality product has an added advantage over inferior products and as a result easy to promote while at the same time vulnerable to counterfeit products (Krush, Sohi Saini 2015). A marketing strategy will depend on market analysis. A business should be able to conduct a marketing analysis to determine the trend of the industry. If the industry is reducing regarding market capitalization, a business should come up with innovative market strategies that will disrupt the market and grow the industry. On the other hand, if the business is on the rise, a business should be able to adapt favorably to market forces and grow the business. A good strategy should evaluate the competition in the industry and be able to differentiate itself from other business to have a competitive advantage (Bashir, Yousaf Wani, 2016). Summary The literature review summarizes that marketing strategies play a significant role for every company. Companies rely on marketing strategies that to increase their awareness and visibility to prospective customers. Marketing strategies are also essential in attracting customers to boost sales for the business to increase profit margin (Phongpetra Johri 2011). Melbourne Marriot Hotel requires effective marketing strategies to ensure it gains a competitive advantage and market share in the hotel industry. Effective marketing strategies will ensure that Melbourne Marriot Hotel improves its business structure for sustainability. Research Methodology The main purpose of this research process is to investigate the objectives set by this study in order to validate the effectiveness of the marketing strategies that are aimed at improving the business structure of Melbourne Marriot Hotel in Australia. This study ensures that proper research process is followed to determine the effective strategies that will be used by the management of Melbourne Marriot Hotel. The research methodology focuses on the research design, the population under this study, the instruments used for the study among other things such as the cost and timing of the study (Clarke, et al., 2013). Research Philosophy Based on the opinions drawn by this research process, there are four significant research philosophies that relate to this study which include positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism (Flick, 2015). The most relevant philosophy that is relevant for this study is positivism which emphasizes on the need to provide facts and logical explanations about the observation and data that can be quantified for purposes of ensuring that the research objective is attained. Research Approach There are two types of research approaches that are used in scientific study. These approaches include inductive and deductive approaches. The inductive approach is aimed at determining the lacking variable in the research study while deductive approach is meant to solve a specific issue in relation to the hypothesis of the study. For this study inductive approach is used because it assists in examining the relationship between the variables under the study and the research topic (Saunders, 2011). Inductive approach plays a critical role in determining the progress and authenticity of the study. Study Population The population under this study will be employees and managers at the Melbourne Marriot hotel in Australia. Research Design In a scientific research study, there are three designs that are commonly used which include explanatory, descriptive and exploratory. An explanatory research design is significant as it is self-explanatory with regards to the data collected. A descriptive research design offers detailed information that informs the researcher based on previous research data (Fayolle Lin, 2014). The exploratory research design explores primary data along with the existing variables under the study. This research study uses a descriptive research design to explain the findings of the study. Data Collection The method of collecting data for this research study will be from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data collection will be collected through as survey that will interview the marketing department of Melbourne Marriot Hotel, employees and frequent customers of the Hotel. On the other hand secondary data will be collected from existing literature on marketing, business reports and peer-reviewed journals (Bello Kostova, 2012). Sampling A simple random sampling is used in selection of employees and managers from Melbourne Marriot Hotel for this study. Careful consideration is used to eliminate cases of biasness and ensure reliable information is provided. The sampling size for the research is 53 respondents. Data Analysis The analysis of the data that will be collected will be based on the relevance of the sources where the objective is to access all the data and make sure to use the ones that are related to marketing strategies for improving the business structure. Timing The research process covers a period of seven weeks where the researcher will familiarize with the research question, develop research objectives and questions, peruse secondary sources from literature review, conduct the research, provide findings and give recommendations. Cost A budget will be determined by the researcher based on the activities that are going to be carried out. After, the cost for this study will be determined and calculated after the completion of research study. Miscellaneous costs that may arise will also be factored into the final calculation. One of the main benefits of having an elaborate marketing strategy is to improve communication among the employees which plays a significant role in Melbourne Hotel to facilitate efficiency. To determine the importance of a market strategy, one has to consider the market which the business intends to satisfy. Businesses that focus on domestic markets such as Melbourne Marriot hotel in Australia often use certain marketing strategies to achieve their goals. There are several classifications of marketing strategies that are based on various factors such knowing when to market and knowing when not to market (Sinha, 2012). According to this concept, there is always time for everything and business personnel should not act on emotions but understanding of market forces that facilitate the decision-making process. A person can plan effectively when he or she has an idea of the circumstances rather than jumping into something without much information. A marketing manager should be able to master the art of using intuition for purposes of determining the right time to seize an opportunity (Alonso-Almeida, Bremser Llach, 2015). Every marketing objective should not be challenged by other aspects of the business. A marketing manager should be able to act decisively when the right time for marketing the business presents itself which should be carefully analyzed through available marketing tools. Impact of marketing strategy on the improvement of business structure of Melbourne Marriot Hotel The impacts of marketing strategies for Melbourne Marriot Hotel are based on the core objective of providing better services and have a sustainable business structure. Effective marketing strategies have the potential to scale the profitability of the Hotel. Besides, effective strategies not only offer the company a chance to improve value proposition with customers but also attract new customers as well as maintain the existing ones by making them loyal customers. Focusing on the needs of the customers is crucial for the Hotel management to innovate new marketing strategies that will give them a competitive advantage and earn them a sizable market share among its competitors. The company has the potential to improve its brand and make it identifiable through customer relations that promote the benefits of the company not only to Australia but also across the world. Recommendations There are several marketing strategies which are classified based on the evaluation process that Melbourne Marriot Hotel can incorporate to improve their business structure (Madhani 2016). Several marketing strategies are fronted by researchers and categorized into six areas which include the main marketing strategy, general competitive advantage in the acquisition strategy, strategies to compete in certain markets, marketing, strategies of its intended market, positioning market strategy and strategy of the complex marketing elements. Marriot Hotel should aim at investigating more on these marketing strategies to give them a clear picture on how they should carry their marketing efforts (Hsu 2011). Conclusions Marketing strategies should focus on the local markets and extrapolate the results to a national level and international. This is to have a clear picture of what efforts should be encouraged to be able to compete favorably. For a business to determine its position in the market, it should be able to identify primary competitors for purposes of evaluating the performance of the business over time (Soteriades, 2012). For companies to achieve their marketing objectives, their main goal should be focused on marketing elements, control and risk management. Besides, the three aspects must have different marketing strategies that can be combined to have a powerful marketing strategy that meets the objective of a business. Lack of monitoring and evaluation of the marketing strategies does not guarantee the success of the campaign since the marketing should be modified progressively to specifically target the right consumer and create a loyal customer Reference List Alonso-Almeida, M., Bremser, K. Llach, J. 2015, "Proactive and Reactive Strategies Deployed by Restaurants in Times of Crisis", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1641-1661. Aziz, A.E. Fady, R. 2013, "Business Improvement Using Organizational Goals, Riva Technique and e-business Development Stages", Journal of Enterprise Information Management, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 577-595. Bashir, M., Yousaf, A. Wani, A.A. 2016, "Green Marketing CSR: A Proactive Innovative Tool to Gain Competitive Excellence", Journal of Supply Chain Management Systems, vol. 5, no. 2. Bettiol, M., Di Maria, E. Finotto, V. 2012, "Marketing in SMEs: the Role of Entrepreneurial Sensemaking", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 223-248. Clarke, J., Tamaschke, R. Liesch, P., 2013. International Experience in International Business Research: A conceptualization and exploration of key themes. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), pp. 265-279. Fayolle, A. Lin, F., 2014. The Future of Research on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), pp. 663-666. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing Research Methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. 1 ed. London: Sage. Hsu, Y. 2011, "Design Innovation and Marketing Strategy in Successful Product Competition", The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 223-236. Hult, G.T. 2011, "Toward a Theory of the Boundary-Spanning Marketing Organization and Insights from 31 Organization Theories", Academy of Marketing Science. Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 509-536. Krush, M.T., Sohi, R.S. Saini, A. 2015, "Dispersion of Marketing Capabilities: Impact on Marketing's Influence and Business Unit Outcomes", Academy of Marketing Science. Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 32-51. Madhani, P.M. 2016, "Competitiveness and Sustaining Performance: Integrating Sales and Marketing", SCMS Journal of Indian Management, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-36. Mitchell, R. Grace, D. 2012, "An Exploration and Extension of the Value Discipline Strategy (VDS) Typology in Educational Institutions", Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 402-417. Phongpetra, V. Johri, L.M. 2011, "Impact of Business Strategies of Automobile Manufacturers in Thailand", International Journal of Emerging Markets, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17-37. Saunders, M., 2011. Research Methods for Business Students. United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Sinha, A.B. 2012, "Business Communication: The Mainstay of an Efficient Business", IUP Journal of Soft Skills, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 7-15. Soteriades, M. 2012, "Tourism Destination Marketing: Approaches Improving Effectiveness and Efficiency", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 107-120

Mt Saint Helans Essays - Volcanology, Cascade Volcanoes,

Mt Saint Helans Mount St. Helens Location: Washington, United States Latitude: 46.20 N Longitude: 122.18 W height: 2,549 meters or 8,364 feet - 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980 Type: Stratovolcano Number of eruptions in past 200 years: 2-3 Latest Eruptions: Between 1660-1700, around 1800-1802, 1831, 1835, 1842-1844, 1847-1854, 1857, 1980-? Present thermal activity: strong steaming Nickname: Mount Fuji of the West Remarks: continuous intermittent activity since 1980 with occasional eruptions of steam and ash; occasional pyroclastic flows; intermittent dome forming. MSH is considered a young volcano that developed over the last 40,000 years and is one of the most active volcanoes in the Cascade Range. Geologists predicted that the volcano would erupt before the year 2000. The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount SH was the most destructive in the history of the United States. In a matter of hours, MSH caused loss of lives and widespread destruction of valuable property because of the avalanche, lateral blast and mudflows. On March 20, 1980, starting with an earthquake that was followed by many others, MSH became active again after a quiet period of 123 years. On March 27, 1980, there was a huge explosion and MSH began blowing ash and steam. This lasted until May 14, 1980. The explosion in March opened up two craters that quickly became one huge crater. While this was happening, an enormous bulge on the north side of the mountain top appeared. It grew about six feet each day. Geologist kept measuring the bulge, recording the earthquakes and sampling the ash and gases. By May, the bulge was 300 feet wide and more than one mile in length. On May 18 at 8:32 in the morning, Mount St.. Helens erupted taking the top 1,200 feet off the volcano. The eruption went on until nightfall. The area of destruction was 230 square miles and was one of the largest landslides ever recorded in history. The blast was preceded by two months of intense activity that included over 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam blasts) , explosions and the north side bulge. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake below the volcano at 8:32 am started the eruption. MSH is still a potentially dangerous and active volcano even though it has been quiet since 1995. In the last 515 years th ere have been four major eruptions and dozens of lesser eruptions. Two of the eruptions were only two years apart. In 1480, the eruption was about five times larger than the one in May 1980. There have been even larger eruptions during MSH' 50,000 year lifetime. After the May 18, 1980 eruption, there have been five smaller explosive eruptions over a five month period. Since then, there have been 16 dome building eruptions through October 1986 when the new dome in the crater was formed. As the mountain was torn open, the pressure in inside was suddenly relieved. The rock shattered inside the mountain was exploded out the top at speeds over 200 miles per hour. The blast was so strong that it leveled whole forest of fir trees. Geologist call this a stone wind since the winds carried the rocks form the blast with them. The rocks gave the winds extra force that let them flatten the trees. 150 square miles of land was leveled. The edges of this area also lost their forested areas from the heat of the blast and the fires it caused. The original blast of the volcano only lasted 10 to 15 minutes. It quickly started up again. A dark cloud of ash and gases went up for miles into the sky and spread for miles in every direction, but mostly eastward. Forest fires broke out everywhere. After abut four hours, the color of the ash became much lighter since the volcano was now throwing out new magma instead of old rock. The temperature of the volcanic flow was approximately 1000 degrees and was traveling extremely fast....about 100 miles per hour. The volcanic flows went on until late in the afternoon. These flows triggered an avalanche. The avalanche poured rocks, tress and dirt into nearby Spirit Lake and then downward to the valley of the North Fork of Toutle River. The ice and snow caps that melted caused mudflows. The mud traveled down the same path. It was incredibly destructive.

Software Programmers essays

Software Programmers essays The pressure is hard upon programmers to achieve high marks and high degrees of knowledge and this means that the attributes and skills of a programmer will be of a high standard. Programmers require many abilities; patience, persistence, and the ability to work on difficult problems, especially under pressure. Ingenuity and imagination also are particularly important when programmers design solutions and test their work for bugs. The ability to work with abstract concepts and because programmers are expected to work in teams and interact directly with users, employers want programmers who are able to communicate with non-technical personnel and technical personnel. Programmers must have a desire to learn and keep current with the latest changes and advancements. One helpful attribute would be a liking for their job so as not to be left behind because the topic was thought boring. Good communication skills are vital as a lot of the work done by programmers are in teams and having a productive team will ensure better results. Communication skills involve; speaking and understanding other people in the team, making sure everyone understands where they're headed to keep the team focused. Understanding the client's needs involves good communication skills as the programmer need to ensure what the client wants is what he think the client wants. Programmers need to see if it's in their capabilities to achieve and what the client wants also. Its no good promising the impossible. Writing good documentation in your programming is an important communication skill as it will aid in future adaptations to the program. Good documentation also aids the understanding of an outside programmer, its nearly as important as the coding itself. When the program is being used a record needs to be kept of the changes that have been made to the program over the years so that any other alterations can be m ...

Body Traffic Jam

1. 2 Objective of the report 1. Broad objective To discuss traffic jam, it’s causes and remedies 2. Specific objective -To discuss the effects of traffic jam on environment and social life, -To be introduced with the way of relief from traffic jam. – To find the way of upgrading the traffic systems . 3 Scope and Limitations of the report This report could have even more wealth and information. But, due to limited time, few information could be collected. More budgeting on this report could have given it a aristocratic look. In spite of these limitations, it has been tried to enrich this report by proper and authentic information. It has been tried to be rational with the real figure of traffic jam. It is believed that this report will help the follower to go for further analysis. Chapter 02: Methodology 2. Population Parameters A parameter is a numerical summary of a population; because populations have so many members, these can never be known except if a census is tak en. 2. 2 Sampling Design In the theory of finite population sampling a sampling design specifies for every possible sample its probability of being drawn. Mathematically a sampling design is denoted by the function P(S) which gives the probability of drawing a sample. 2. 3 Variables Covered Here we have included -urban traffic problems -suburban traffic problems high way traffic problems 2. 4 Methods of Data Collection There are four main methods of data collection. †¢ Census. A census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. In most studies, a census is not practical, because of the cost and/or time required. †¢ Sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. †¢ Experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. The study is â€Å"controlled† in the sense that the researcher controls (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and (2) which treatments each group receives. †¢ Observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments, the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives. 2. 5 Data Analysis Plan The appropriate methods of data analysis are determined by data types and variables of interest, the actual distribution of the variables, and the number of cases. Different analyses of the same data set may reflect or represent different aspects of the underlying data structure. Once a plan has been established, it could contain any combination of the following types of data analysis strategies: †¢ Exploratory: This type of data analysis often occurs when a program is new, and it is unclear what to expect from the data. †¢ Descriptive: The most common type of data analysis, this approach will summarize your findings and describe the sample. †¢ Inferential: Inferential statistics allow us to draw conclusions about the larger population from which the sample is drawn. These powerful techniques may be able demonstrate if a change has occurred as a result of your program. PDA’s Statistics Division specializes in many sophisticated data analysis techniques. Chapter 3: Traffic Jam, It’s Causes, Effects and Remedies 3. 1 Causes of Traffic Jam â€Å"During experiment, it has been found that human error is a major cause of most frustrating kinds of traffic jams†. ( Annexes – I) In generally the traffic jams are causes by following reasons- -Dishonesty of traffic polices -Insufficient roads and highways. Poor communication system. -Too many vehicles -Low price fuel ( CNG) and available motor cars. -Traffic jams are usually caused because there must be an accident. -Most often, traffic jam are caused by – those who drive too slow always end up compacting the faster drivers behind them -In rush hours when too many people start for destination. -Free parking here and there causes hindrance on traffic way -Some drivers tries to drive faster than the flow of traffic. -Some times drivers stop on the highway and causes a traffic jam. . 2 Traffic Jam Affects Society and Environment Traffic jam affects the society in some of the ways below: †¢ creates mental stress in the motorists †¢ paves way for wastage of fuel and wear tear of vehicle parts which ultimately waste the money of the motorists †¢ becomes a cause for rash driving and road accidents involving loss of lives †¢ makes the motorists to inhale lot of vehicular smoke emissions in a short period of time causing many diseases †¢ wasting time of motorists and passengers Traffic jam affects the environment in some of the ways below: †¢ efficiency of fuel usage by idle running of vehicle engines in low speed is very low leading to wastage of fuel which ultimately results in over exploitation of fossil fuel reserves †¢ vehicles at low speed emit lot amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt fuel particles, suspended particulate matters and other pollutants into atmosphere causing air pollution more grave †¢ when vehicles start to move slowly, noise pollution is created by blowing horns by the motorists. 3. 3 Remedies to Traffic Jam Increased regulation would not work in practice. Regulation either requires more cops, which are an expensive kind of work force, or automated systems, which are sketchy from a legal point of view. Technological solutions aren’t the way to go, either. They are predicated on the assumption that all (or enough) drivers would adopt this technology, which will be expensive and error-prone, and possibly encourage risky behavior. Traffic jams are a symptom of more vehicles than the planned carrying capacity of the roads. In order to prevent traffic jams: -one method is to reduce the number of vehicles. Imposing disincentives (taxation, congestion fees) is one way, but offering sensible alternatives (mass transit, a functional passenger rail system, telecommuting) is smarter. -no hand held cell phones while driving. -controlling Speed of traffic more efficiently during rush hours (points to one idea, the classic â€Å"slow down and keep a constant speed† method). Chapter 4 : C onclusion and Recommendation 4. 1 Conclusion The present problem of traffic jam has not created by one day. For long unawareness and long time plan and booming number of traffic cause this. As Bangladesh is a developing country, it should be more aware of time and money. Not only this, as Bangladesh is a low land country, so it should be aware of green house gas. Traffic jam is killing time, wasting money, causing more green house gas. If we can’t reduce traffic jam significantly we will be great looser. Our development may slow down due to traffic jam. 4. 2 Recommendation: -We will have to go for long time plan to improve our roods and high way communication system. -Withdraw of old and slow vehicles. -Trained driver -Maintain LAN during driving -Use of divider Annexes-I |Bottlenecks (traffic demand   exceeds roadway capacity) |50% of total traffic jam | |Traffic incidents |25% of total traffic jam | |Work zones |15% of total traffic jam | |Bad weather |10% of total traffic jam | |Poor signal timing |  5% of total traffic jam | Fig :- On an average major causes of traffic jam References: 1. Text books: Giltow, C. Oppenhein, R. (1995). Management: Tools and methods for improvement. Boston: Irwin-Mcgraw-Hill. 2. Websites: -HYPERLINK http://statisticssolutions. blogspot. com/2008/09/what-is-included-in-data-analysis-plan. html -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_causes_traffic_jams -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_ways_a_traffic_jam_affects_the_society_and_environment – http://freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/03/10/what-causes-traffic-jams-you/ http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0931283. html#axzz0wBBDMA5L Body Traffic Jam 1. 2 Objective of the report 1. Broad objective To discuss traffic jam, it’s causes and remedies 2. Specific objective -To discuss the effects of traffic jam on environment and social life, -To be introduced with the way of relief from traffic jam. – To find the way of upgrading the traffic systems . 3 Scope and Limitations of the report This report could have even more wealth and information. But, due to limited time, few information could be collected. More budgeting on this report could have given it a aristocratic look. In spite of these limitations, it has been tried to enrich this report by proper and authentic information. It has been tried to be rational with the real figure of traffic jam. It is believed that this report will help the follower to go for further analysis. Chapter 02: Methodology 2. Population Parameters A parameter is a numerical summary of a population; because populations have so many members, these can never be known except if a census is tak en. 2. 2 Sampling Design In the theory of finite population sampling a sampling design specifies for every possible sample its probability of being drawn. Mathematically a sampling design is denoted by the function P(S) which gives the probability of drawing a sample. 2. 3 Variables Covered Here we have included -urban traffic problems -suburban traffic problems high way traffic problems 2. 4 Methods of Data Collection There are four main methods of data collection. †¢ Census. A census is a study that obtains data from every member of a population. In most studies, a census is not practical, because of the cost and/or time required. †¢ Sample survey. A sample survey is a study that obtains data from a subset of a population, in order to estimate population attributes. †¢ Experiment. An experiment is a controlled study in which the researcher attempts to understand cause-and-effect relationships. The study is â€Å"controlled† in the sense that the researcher controls (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and (2) which treatments each group receives. †¢ Observational study. Like experiments, observational studies attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships. However, unlike experiments, the researcher is not able to control (1) how subjects are assigned to groups and/or (2) which treatments each group receives. 2. 5 Data Analysis Plan The appropriate methods of data analysis are determined by data types and variables of interest, the actual distribution of the variables, and the number of cases. Different analyses of the same data set may reflect or represent different aspects of the underlying data structure. Once a plan has been established, it could contain any combination of the following types of data analysis strategies: †¢ Exploratory: This type of data analysis often occurs when a program is new, and it is unclear what to expect from the data. †¢ Descriptive: The most common type of data analysis, this approach will summarize your findings and describe the sample. †¢ Inferential: Inferential statistics allow us to draw conclusions about the larger population from which the sample is drawn. These powerful techniques may be able demonstrate if a change has occurred as a result of your program. PDA’s Statistics Division specializes in many sophisticated data analysis techniques. Chapter 3: Traffic Jam, It’s Causes, Effects and Remedies 3. 1 Causes of Traffic Jam â€Å"During experiment, it has been found that human error is a major cause of most frustrating kinds of traffic jams†. ( Annexes – I) In generally the traffic jams are causes by following reasons- -Dishonesty of traffic polices -Insufficient roads and highways. Poor communication system. -Too many vehicles -Low price fuel ( CNG) and available motor cars. -Traffic jams are usually caused because there must be an accident. -Most often, traffic jam are caused by – those who drive too slow always end up compacting the faster drivers behind them -In rush hours when too many people start for destination. -Free parking here and there causes hindrance on traffic way -Some drivers tries to drive faster than the flow of traffic. -Some times drivers stop on the highway and causes a traffic jam. . 2 Traffic Jam Affects Society and Environment Traffic jam affects the society in some of the ways below: †¢ creates mental stress in the motorists †¢ paves way for wastage of fuel and wear tear of vehicle parts which ultimately waste the money of the motorists †¢ becomes a cause for rash driving and road accidents involving loss of lives †¢ makes the motorists to inhale lot of vehicular smoke emissions in a short period of time causing many diseases †¢ wasting time of motorists and passengers Traffic jam affects the environment in some of the ways below: †¢ efficiency of fuel usage by idle running of vehicle engines in low speed is very low leading to wastage of fuel which ultimately results in over exploitation of fossil fuel reserves †¢ vehicles at low speed emit lot amount of carbon monoxide, unburnt fuel particles, suspended particulate matters and other pollutants into atmosphere causing air pollution more grave †¢ when vehicles start to move slowly, noise pollution is created by blowing horns by the motorists. 3. 3 Remedies to Traffic Jam Increased regulation would not work in practice. Regulation either requires more cops, which are an expensive kind of work force, or automated systems, which are sketchy from a legal point of view. Technological solutions aren’t the way to go, either. They are predicated on the assumption that all (or enough) drivers would adopt this technology, which will be expensive and error-prone, and possibly encourage risky behavior. Traffic jams are a symptom of more vehicles than the planned carrying capacity of the roads. In order to prevent traffic jams: -one method is to reduce the number of vehicles. Imposing disincentives (taxation, congestion fees) is one way, but offering sensible alternatives (mass transit, a functional passenger rail system, telecommuting) is smarter. -no hand held cell phones while driving. -controlling Speed of traffic more efficiently during rush hours (points to one idea, the classic â€Å"slow down and keep a constant speed† method). Chapter 4 : C onclusion and Recommendation 4. 1 Conclusion The present problem of traffic jam has not created by one day. For long unawareness and long time plan and booming number of traffic cause this. As Bangladesh is a developing country, it should be more aware of time and money. Not only this, as Bangladesh is a low land country, so it should be aware of green house gas. Traffic jam is killing time, wasting money, causing more green house gas. If we can’t reduce traffic jam significantly we will be great looser. Our development may slow down due to traffic jam. 4. 2 Recommendation: -We will have to go for long time plan to improve our roods and high way communication system. -Withdraw of old and slow vehicles. -Trained driver -Maintain LAN during driving -Use of divider Annexes-I |Bottlenecks (traffic demand   exceeds roadway capacity) |50% of total traffic jam | |Traffic incidents |25% of total traffic jam | |Work zones |15% of total traffic jam | |Bad weather |10% of total traffic jam | |Poor signal timing |  5% of total traffic jam | Fig :- On an average major causes of traffic jam References: 1. Text books: Giltow, C. Oppenhein, R. (1995). Management: Tools and methods for improvement. Boston: Irwin-Mcgraw-Hill. 2. Websites: -HYPERLINK http://statisticssolutions. blogspot. com/2008/09/what-is-included-in-data-analysis-plan. html -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_causes_traffic_jams -http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_ways_a_traffic_jam_affects_the_society_and_environment – http://freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/03/10/what-causes-traffic-jams-you/ http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0931283. html#axzz0wBBDMA5L

Kindly see the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kindly see the instruction - Essay Example beliefs, as well as the many testimonies from couples of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community (LGBT), judges and citizens alike are looking to overturn the Defense Against Marriage Act, which would allow gay couples to have the same federal benefits as their heterosexual counterparts. On March 27, 2013, the members of the Supreme Court gathered to hear the testimonies, fears, and concerns that both opposers and proponents of gay marriage had. Those that oppose gay marriage, specifically those that allowed California’s Proposition 8, which would ban gay marriage and overturn the marriages that had been conducted previously, made their side of the argument known that marriage is a union that has always been available only to men and women. Though they could find no consequences of people within the LGBT community becoming legally married, they continued to argue that to allow them the chance to marry would go against the very definition of marriage. The proponents for gay marriage, a large following that consists of homosexuals and heterosexuals alike, simply believe that under the freedom that America stands for they should be allowed to marry someone they love. After the first day of hearing testimonies, members of the Court also had their say about their own stances in regard to gay marriage. Justice Anthony Kennedy, who is â€Å"seen as the swing vote between liberal and conservative justices† (Dymond, par. 8), is less concerned about the marriage debate itself and more concerned about whether or not the federal government had the authority to legalize and then ban gay marriage in California. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg believes that there should be two separate types of marriage, a full marriage for heterosexual couples and what is referred to as the skim-milk marriage for homosexuals. There were other members, though, we were not as neutral. Elena Kagan found that the Defense Against Marriage Act was written and enforced out of

Minimalist visual artists and composers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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