Trauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy an Effective...

Trauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There are two types of trauma — physical and mental........A response could be fear. It could be fear that a loved one will be hurt or killed. It is believed that more direct exposures to traumatic events causes greater harm. For instance, in a school†¦show more content†¦This therapy integrates cognitive and behavioral approaches; it is effective in various environments and cultural backgrounds; according to Shearing, â€Å"it can treat people from all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds: including African-Americans, and Hispanics.† The treatment modalities focus on the acronymâ€Å"PRACTICE† cited in the Child Welfare and Information gateway portal: The first component is Psychoeducation and parenting skills, this educates (non offender) parents about child abuse and helps provide them with strategies to help prevent future occurrences, Relaxation techniques are utilized to help the child focus on the behavior the maladaptive behavior. Techniques such as focused breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and visual imagery are utilized. Affective expression regulation helps the child and parent manage their emotional reactions to reminders of abuse, and improve their ability to identify and express emotions and participate in self soothing activities. Cognitive coping and processing helps the child and parent understand the connection between ideas and feelings and â€Å"acting out†. Behaviors can be corrected by addressing inaccurate attributions related to every day events. Trauma narrative a nd processing is the next stage of the exercises. In this stage children are given exercised that are verbal, written or symbolic recounting the abusive events to help process the thoughts about theShow MoreRelatedIntervention Paper4463 Words   |  18 PagesStates several million children experience some extreme traumatic event. Some of these events include natural disasters, death of a loved one, vehicle accidents, physical and/or sexual abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Children are increasingly exposed to violence in society. Many of these children may develop some form of psychological problems that can significantly impair their emotional, academic, and social functioning. Research has noted that many of these children will become fearfulRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesCOGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD This page intentionally left blank COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OCD DAVID A. CLARK THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London  © 2004 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved Paperback edition 2007 Except as noted, no part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical

Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model - 1210 Words

In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store. Working Memory is STM. In contrast to the Multi-Store Model, where all the information goes to one single store (Unitary store), there are different systems for the different types of information. Working Memory consists of†¦show more content†¦This supports the idea of an immediate memory store for items that are neither visual nor phonological and that draw on long-term memory to link the related words. It is used as both the Phonological Loop and the Visuo-Spa tial Sketch Pad have specific roles and the Central Executive has very limited storage capacity so as a result there was no where to store both visual and acoustic information. The Episodic Buffer is an extra storage system that has in common with all working memory units, a limited capacity. It is handy and can integrate information from the Central Executive, The Phonological Loop, The Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad and also information from the Long-Term Memory. Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported byShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Ethical Tension1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen experiencing short term memory loss, concentration problems and nightmares. Donna has become a public speaker on educating people about anesthesia awareness. Her story is the b asis for constructing this report for registered nurses, a framework on how to work through this type of ethical situation. Decision Making Framework and Process Ethical decision making begins with understanding when adverse situations arise. The Canadian Nurse’s Association (CNA) outlines seven ethical responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma On Children And Professional Adults Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the Perry reading that outlines the effects of trauma on children (2003) that outlines the alarm reactions, responses to threat, post-traumatic stress, emotional memory impact, numbing, avoidance, hyperarousal and disassociation responses to trauma, it is quite evident that mindfulness would be quite helpful to help youth process their emotions and experiences in a healthy and productive manner. Since traumatic experiences have such a large impact on one’s psychological, emotional and physicalRead MoreCase Study Of The Assistance To The Elderly761 Words   |  4 Pagesquantitative data. Create and implement new procedures demonstrating the impact by utilization of inputs, outputs, outcomes, assumptions, and contextual factors from each program. Create a project budget for each program and an outline budget narrative. A Logic Model Business Model Canvas Strategy and Grant Programs: The development of seven new programs will allow the organization to position itself to acquire new revenue sources from private foundations, thereby, enabling it to fulfill its missionRead Moredescribe how the body responds to stress4612 Words   |  19 PagesThe pituitary-adrenal system is self-regulating with both the hypothalamus and pituitary glands using receptors to regulate the amount of CRF and ACTH in the body to maintain an appropriate level of cortisol in the bloodstream. Outline and evaluate research into life changes as a source of stress (6+6 marks) Rahe et al (1970) – wanted to study normal people (i.e. not ill people) to see if the number of life changing events was positively correlated with illness. They used a militaryRead MoreModels of Memory2270 Words   |  10 PagesOutline and Evaluate Models of Memory. (12 Marks) There are roughly four models of memory in total, but two stand out and are used in this particular specification. Atkinson and Schifrin’s (1968) â€Å"Multi-Store Model† is one of them. Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditoryRead MoreNetwork Virtualization, Data Centres And Performance Of Internal Network1670 Words   |  7 PagesCentres A data centre consists of a set of powerful computer servers, storage, databases, etc. connected by high-speed bandwidth links. Clients are provided a subset of the data centre’s resources for running their applications. Computing based on this model is referred to as Cloud Computing. Virtualization has been applied for data centres giving rise to the concept of Virtual Data Centres (VDC). Just as data centres have a server as the basic unit of allocation, a VDC has a virtual machine (VM) as theRead MoreManaging and Responding to Behaviour in a Learning Environment2433 Words   |  10 Pagesenvironment Use your experience of teaching as a source for describing a range of behaviours and analyse their impact on learners learning. The Education and Inspections Act 2006 brought in new clear-cut legal powers for schools and for those working within them when they are dealing with the behaviour and discipline of pupils. This includes promoting good behaviour and programmes of reward and recognition, as well as dealing effectively with negative behaviour. Teaching on the Osteopathic MedicineRead MoreFunctions Of The Nervous System1797 Words   |  8 Pagesperforming vital bodily functions. (4) As the information-processing units of the nervous system, neurons acquire information from sensory receptors, pass the information on to other neurons, and make muscles move to produce behaviours. They encode memories and produce our thoughts and emotions. There are three general classifications of neurons; these are sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons. They differ significantly in function and slightly in structure, all having the same basic configurationRead MoreA Experimental Investigation Examined Short Term Memory Capacity Differences1917 Words   |  8 Pagesexperimental investigation examined short term memory capacity differences in males and females. This was done by exposing subjects to random and sequenced visual, haptic and auditory sequences. It also explored the effect of memory retention techniques on the capacity of short term memory. The results obtained show that sequences are more effectively recalled when shown visually to a subject and in accordance with Miller’s number short term memory is limited to 7 plus/minus 2 items. Results alsoRead MoreAn Analysis Of Recommendation Algorithms3557 Words   |  15 Pagesexplore and evaluate the algorithms which influence how recommendation systems operate. Following the submission of our project proposal a month ago, our project has changed course. Given our team s relative inexperience in the field of recommendation systems, we are now interested in conducting an analysis to fully understand how the various recommendation methods and techniques perform with mutliple datasets. This status report will explain the new methods we intend to evaluate and introduce

Foundation and Empire 4. The Emperor Free Essays

string(25) " twisted ever so little\." CLEON II commonly called â€Å"The Great.† The last strong Emperor of the First Empire, he is important for the political and artistic renaissance that took place during his long reign. He is best known to romance, however, for his connection with Bel Riose, and to the common man, he is simply â€Å"Riose’s Emperor. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 4. The Emperor or any similar topic only for you Order Now † It is important not to allow events of the last year of his reign to overshadow forty years of†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica Cleon II was Lord of the Universe. Cleon II also suffered from a painful and undiagnosed ailment. By the queer twists of human affairs, the two statements are not mutually exclusive, nor even particularly incongruous. There have been a wearisomely large number of precedents in history. But Cleon II cared nothing for such precedents. To meditate upon a long list of similar cases would not ameliorate personal suffering an electron’s worth. It soothed him as little to think that where his great-grandfather had been the pirate ruler of a dust-speck planet, he himself slept in the pleasure palace of Ammenetik the Great, as heir of a line of Galactic rulers stretching backward into a tenuous past. It was at present no source of comfort to him that the efforts of his father had cleansed the realm of its leprous patches of rebellion and restored it to the peace and unity it had enjoyed under Stanel VI; that, as a consequence, in the twenty-five years of his reign, not one cloud of revolt had misted his burnished glory. The Emperor of the Galaxy and the Lord of All whimpered as he lolled his head backward into the invigorating plane of force about his pillows. It yielded in a softness that did not touch, and at the pleasant tingle, Cleon relaxed a bit. He sat up with difficulty and stared morosely at the distant walls of the grand chamber. It was a bad room to be alone in. It was too big. All the rooms were too big. But better to be alone during these crippling bouts than to endure the prinking of the courtiers, their lavish sympathy, their soft, condescending dullness. Better to be alone than to watch those insipid masks behind which spun the tortuous speculations on the chances of death and the fortunes of the succession. His thoughts hurried him. There were his three sons; three straight-backed youths full of promise and virtue. Where did they disappear on these bad days? Waiting, no doubt. Each watching the other; and all watching him. He stirred uneasily. And now Brodrig craved audience. The low-born, faithful Brodrig; faithful because he was hated with a unanimous and cordial hatred that was the only point of agreement between the dozen cliques that divided his court. Brodrig – the faithful favorite, who had to be faithful, since unless he owned the fastest speed-ship in the Galaxy and took to it the day of the Emperor’s death, it would be the radiation-chamber the day after. Cleon II touched the smooth knob on the arm of his great divan, and the huge door at the end of the room dissolved to transparency. Brodrig advanced along the crimson carpet, and knelt to kiss the Emperor’s limp hand. â€Å"Your health, sire?† asked the Privy Secretary in a low tone of becoming anxiety. â€Å"I live,† snapped the Emperor with exasperation, â€Å"if you can call it life where every scoundrel who can read a book of medicine uses me as a blank and receptive field for his feeble experiments. If there is a conceivable remedy, chemical, physical, or nuclear, which has not yet been tried, why then, some learned babbler from the far comers of the realm will arrive tomorrow to try it. And still another newly-discovered book, or forgery morelike, will be used as authority. â€Å"By my father’s memory,† he rumbled savagely, â€Å"it seems there is not a biped extant who can study a disease before his eyes with those same eyes. There is not one who can count a pulse-beat without a book of the ancients before him. I’m sick and they call it ‘unknown.’ The fools! If in the course of millennia, human bodies learn new methods of falling askew, it remains uncovered by the studies of the ancients and uncurable forevermore. The ancients should be alive now, or I then.† The Emperor ran down to a low-breathed curse while Brodrig waited dutifully. Cleon II said peevishly, â€Å"How many are waiting outside?† He jerked his head in the direction of the door. Brodrig said patiently, â€Å"The Great Hall holds the usual number.† â€Å"Well, let them wait. State matters occupy me. Have the Captain of the Guard announce it. Or wait, forget the state matters. Just have it announced I hold no audience, and let the Captain of the Guard look doleful. The jackals among them may betray themselves.† The Emperor sneered nastily. â€Å"There is a rumor, sire,† said Brodrig, smoothly, â€Å"that it is your heart that troubles you.† The Emperor’s smile was little removed from the previous sneer. â€Å"It will hurt others more than myself if any act prematurely on that rumor. But what is it you want. Let’s have this over.† Brodrig rose from his kneeling posture at a gesture of permission and said, â€Å"It concerns General Bel Riose, the Military Governor of Siwenna.† â€Å"Riose?† Cleon II frowned heavily. â€Å"I don’t place him. Wait, is he the one who sent that quixotic message some months back? Yes, I remember. He panted for permission to enter a career of conquest for the glory of the Empire and Emperor.† â€Å"Exactly, sire.† The Emperor laughed shortly. â€Å"Did you think I had such generals left me, Brodrig? He seems to be a curious atavism. What was the answer? I believe you took care of it.† â€Å"I did, sire. He was instructed to forward additional information and to take no steps involving naval action without further orders from the Imperium.† â€Å"Hmp. Safe enough. Who is this Riose? Was he ever at court?† Brodrig nodded and his mouth twisted ever so little. You read "Foundation and Empire 4. The Emperor" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"He began his career as a cadet in the Guards ten years back. He had part in that affair off the Lemul Cluster.† â€Å"The Lemul Cluster? You know, my memory isn’t quite – Was that the time a young soldier saved two ships of the line from a head-on collision by†¦ uh†¦ something or other?† He waved a hand impatiently. â€Å"I don’t remember the details. It was something heroic.† â€Å"Riose was that soldier. He received a promotion for it,† Brodrig said dryly, â€Å"and an appointment to field duty as captain of a ship.† â€Å"And now Military Governor of a border system and still young. Capable man, Brodrig!† â€Å"Unsafe, sire. He lives in the past. He is a dreamer of ancient times, or rather, of the myths of what ancient times used to be. Such men are harmless in themselves, but their queer lack of realism makes them fools for others.† He added, â€Å"His men, I understand, are completely under his control. He is one of your popular generals.† â€Å"Is he?† the Emperor mused. â€Å"Well, come, Brodrig, I would not wish to be served entirely by incompetents. They certainly set no enviable standard for faithfulness themselves.† â€Å"An incompetent traitor is no danger. It is rather the capable men who must be watched.† â€Å"You among them, Brodrig?† Cleon II laughed and then grimaced with pain. â€Å"Well, then, you may forget the lecture for the while. What new development is there in the matter of this young conqueror? I hope you haven’t come merely to reminisce.† â€Å"Another message, sire, has been received from General Riose.† â€Å"Oh? And to what effect?† â€Å"He has spied out the land of these barbarians and advocates an expedition in force. His arguments are long and fairly tedious. It is not worth annoying Your Imperial Majesty with it at present, during your indisposition. Particularly since it will be discussed at length during the session of the Council of Lords.† He glanced sidewise at the Emperor. Cleon II frowned. â€Å"The Lords? Is it a question for them, Brodrig? It will mean further demands for a broader interpretation of the Charter. It always comes to that.† â€Å"It can’t be avoided, sire. It might have been better if your august father could have beaten down the last rebellion without granting the Charter. But since it is here, we must endure it for the while.† â€Å"You’re right, I suppose. Then the Lords it must be. But why all this solemnity, man? It is, after all, a minor point. Success on a remote border with limited troops is scarcely a state affair.† Brodrig smiled narrowly. He said coolly, â€Å"It is an affair of a romantic idiot; but even a romantic idiot can be a deadly weapon when an unromantic rebel uses him as a tool. Sire, the man was popular here and is popular there. He is young. If he annexes a vagrant barbarian planet or two, he will become a conqueror. Now a young conqueror who has proven his ability to rouse the enthusiasm of pilots, miners, tradesmen and suchlike rabble is dangerous at any time. Even if he lacked the desire to do to you as your august father did to the usurper, Ricker, then one of our loyal Lords of the Domain may decide to use him as his weapon.† Cleon II moved an arm hastily and stiffened with pain. Slowly he relaxed, but his smile was weak, and his voice a whisper. â€Å"You are a valuable subject, Brodrig. You always suspect far more than is necessary, and I have but to take half your suggested precautions to be utterly safe. We’ll put it up to the Lords. We shall see what they say and take our measure accordingly. The young man, I suppose, has made no hostile moves yet.† â€Å"He report none. But already he asks for reinforcements.† â€Å"Reinforcements!† The Emperor’s eyes narrowed with wonder. â€Å"What force has he?† â€Å"Ten ships of the line, sire, with a full complement of auxiliary vessels. Two of the ships are equipped with motors salvaged from the old Grand Fleet, and one has a battery of power artillery from the same source. The other ships are new ones of the last fifty years, but are serviceable, nevertheless.† â€Å"Ten ships would seem adequate for any reasonable undertaking. Why, with less than ten ships my father won his first victories against the usurper. Who are these barbarians he’s fighting?† The Privy Secretary raised a pair of supercilious eyebrows. â€Å"He refers to them as ‘the Foundation.'† â€Å"The Foundation? What is it?† â€Å"There is no record of it, sire. I have searched the archives carefully. The area of the Galaxy indicated falls within the ancient province of Anacreon, which two centuries since gave itself up to brigandage, barbarism, and anarchy. There is no planet known as Foundation in the province, however. There was a vague reference to a group of scientists sent to that province just before its separation from our protection. They were to prepare an Encyclopedia.† He smiled thinly. â€Å"I believe they called it the Encyclopedia Foundation.† â€Å"Well,† the Emperor considered it somberly, â€Å"that seems a tenuous connection to advance.† â€Å"I’m not advancing it, sire. No word was ever received from that expedition after the growth of anarchy in that region. If their descendants still live and retain their name, then they have reverted to barbarism most certainly.† â€Å"And so he wants reinforcements.† The Emperor bent a fierce glance at his secretary. â€Å"This is most peculiar; to propose to fight savages with ten ships and to ask for more before a blow is struck. And yet I begin to remember this Riose; he was a handsome boy of loyal family. Brodrig, there are complications in this that I don’t penetrate. There may be more importance in it than would seem.† His fingers played idly with the gleaming sheet that covered his stiffened legs. He said, â€Å"I need a man out there; one with eyes, brains and loyalty. Brodrig-â€Å" The secretary bent a submissive head. â€Å"And the ships, sire?† â€Å"Not yet!† The Emperor moaned softly as he shifted his position in gentle stages. He pointed a feeble finger, â€Å"Not till we know more. Convene the Council of Lords for this day week. It will be a good opportunity for the new appropriation as well. I’ll put that through or lives will end.† He leaned his aching head into the soothing tingle of the force-field pillow, â€Å"Go now, Brodrig, and send in the doctor. He’s the worst bumbler of the lot.† How to cite Foundation and Empire 4. The Emperor, Essay examples

Hierarchy and Power for Australian Healthcare- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHierarchy and Power for Australian Healthcare System. Answer: The graph of healthcare system development and progression has increased largely due to the advancement in the researches that has been conducted over years by renowned scientists. Their effective hard work provides evidence based approaches and procedures to handle adverse diseases and disorders. Besides the Biomedical model of healthcare, sociological and psychological model of healthcare holds its importance nowadays (Cockerham, 2014). Furthermore, for a large number of cases, occurrence of health disorder is due to the some social factors like social pressure, peers attitude, relationship problems and so on. Hence, healthcare professionals need to consider those factors as well to propose unique and effective healthcare interventions (Greenhalgh, 2013). However, working in healthcare system nowadays is not so simple, there are factors like power struggle, and hierarchical disputes exists that makes the healthcare system difficult for both patients and professionals (Subramanian Ramanathan, 2012). This essay will discuss and portray the different power and hierarchical disputes and will enlighten about the advantages and disadvantages of power and hierarchical issues with respect to different stakeholder of healthcare system. Application of sociological concepts in critical analysis: There are different type of interaction exists between health condition at different socio-economic levels and the society from which these different patients belong. Sociology of health and diseases help in examining those interactions (Melchiorre et al., 2013). There are different characteristics of social life and any of them can act as one of the prime domains to affect the health, moreover affecting mortality and morbidity. Different social organizations like school, workplace, and social relationships like family, close friends aids to health and illness of associated person. Sociology of health and ailments focuses on the sociological factors that can cause different type of illness and diseases whereas sociology of medicinal science completely depends on the relationship between practitioner and the patient and the importance of such healthcare professionals in society (Drummond et al., 2015). Sociological studies believes that health imparities occur not only due to biologic al factors but also due to occurrence of other factors such as income inequality, lifestyles, food habits, environment and housing, health behaviors, childhood development, education and level of literacy, social connectedness and support and many more (Berkman, Kawachi Glymour, 2014). For example, if a person is suffering from obesity then there are different factors to add to his condition such as his diet plan, his physical activities and others. Therefore, to understand the nature of disease and the level of its intensity, it is important to consider the social factors while diagnosing the disease. Why Biomedical model is not considered : Biomedical model is a healthcare model that provides scientific measure for every disease. According to this model of healthcare, human being is a body and this need to be free from any type of disease or disorders such as defects, disabilities and pain (Deacon, 2013). Hence, according to this model, anything that affects the healthy human body is a biological factor and reason of every disease is biological. Every individual who is sick is considered to be a body with disease and those bodies can be handled, explored and treated with the use of mind, knowledge and skills or techniques of the healthcare professional (Carayon et al., 2014). To handle such patients efficiently, medical professionals need to be appointed with proper knowledge and the treatment condition and environment need to be technologically equipped and positive to enhance wellbeing. Biomedical model of health is established in modern western society therefore, it neglects the traditional healthcare practices and f avors the biological factors to treat disease (Pincus et al., 2016). Healthcare professionals undergo a training session of many years to gain knowledge about the nuances of healthcare profession and to understand the symptoms and help people to recover those symptoms quickly and efficiently. However, the prime disadvantage of this factor is lack of care (Chow et al., 2012). The patient is only seen as a body full of disease and not as an individual hence, the relationship between the patient and the practitioner gets affected. Furthermore, the authorities of such healthcare organizations has a power gradient and hierarchical division along with the healthcare professionals. Doctor and other practitioners of the organization holds bigger power than that of the registered nurses and hence, this gradient affects the care giving process both positively and negatively. Biomedical model with the help of power gradient provides the exact treatment to recover the patient from the disease. However, due to the lack of care in the care giving process, interventions including holistic approaches are preferred. Interventions in which biomedical model of healthcare is present along with the sociological factors, are preferred. Consideration of social, psychological and environmental factor is important as these aids in the biological factors efficiently. Different food and additional habits such as smoking, unhealthy diets, less or no exercise affects the health in presence of different cultural and social factors (Kuhlmann et al., 2013). Even socio-economic status including poverty, poor housing and workplace related stress, pollution and life style aids to the disease condition. Hence, nowadays many researchers considers the biomedical model in the presence of socio-psychological influence to plan interventions for patients treatment (Aveyard, 2014). Hierarchy in Australian healthcare and key concepts Hierarchy in Australian healthcare system is not so new and this primitive work culture has made the healthcare service as one of the best in the world. Starting from the medical facilities and healthcare interventions, the highly professional healthcare experts are divided into hierarchical structure and every Australian organization follows the levels strictly (Shearer et al., 2012). The hospital staffs including senior medical officers, general practitioners registered nurses and interns as well are part of this hierarchical structure. After the advancement of the healthcare practices, there are so many chronic diseases, that has become curable and hence, the professionals are considered as the most powerful person who saves the person with ultimate power. These representation of doctors and registered nurses affects the hierarchy and power gradient positively as well as negatively. Nowadays, every hospital or healthcare organization forms a multi-disciplinary team to function aga inst a chronic disease treatment (olts et al., 2014). Hence, to treat an obese patient, having cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, a multidisciplinary team having experts of those departments will function for the treatment. Cardiac surgeon will be there to perform surgery; general physicians will be there to perform primary diagnosis and checkups. There will be different level of nurses to provide specific care to the patient such as senior registered nurses, enrolled nurses, dieticians, physiotherapist podiatrists to help the patient efficiently. All these healthcare professionals are senior medical officers and are best in their field. Their only aim is to provide the patient with best healthcare with their own model of treatment. Here plays a silent struggle for power distribution that the patients and ordinary people cannot understand. There are instances of disagreement and conflicts on thoughts among these healthcare professionals that affects the wellbeing process of the patient adversely. According to (), there are several issues with roles and boundaries with the lack of decision-making ability are observed in the Australian healthcare system. This factor implements the idea that power and authority are major factor in these multidisciplinary functioning and affects the patterns of hierarchy as well. Throughout these years, there are so many researches has been conducted to find out the factors that contributes in the development of hierarchy in the healthcare organization. Despite of the fact that every healthcare professional takes the same oath of saving patients life by providing quality healthcare. Researchers have come up with the fact that trust, faith, access and respect to a particular healthcare professional acts as enablers and ego, dominancy and financial power acts as barriers for power distribution. Hence, these factors are the prime reason for the rise of power gradient and hierarchy in the healthcare system (Baghbanian et al., 2012). Power struggle and hierarchical turfs related debates and issues: Power struggle and hierarchical turfs is not only seen among the healthcare professionals, but also exists between the well-known personalities present in the healthcare trustees, higher authorities and the healthcare professionals, who work under them in the hospitals. According to some researches, power is divided into two parts in healthcare system (Lopes, Carter Street, 2015). First power let the authorities control the resources needed for quality healthcare and the other power let the doctors and other healthcare professionals to take decision about the patient seeking their help. Their power is less tangible and more symbolic and has the ability to control ideas and derive meanings. This second type of power distribution makes the healthcare system unequal. Distribution of power in this unequal system is influenced by professional status, hence the status of senior medical officers become greater than that of a registered nurse. However, in the process of care giving, both of them have equal contribution. Hence, to create an environment of equality distribution of intangible and tangible power should be divided into inter as well as intra-organizational basis to determine strategies of engagement. Researchers have recommended including psychological as well as social model of health to create bio-psychosocial model (Barasa et al., 2014). Hence, during the preparation of such multi-disciplinary team including experts from every area power imbalance occurs that leads to conflicts and differences. Such conflicts or turfs may be inter-professional or intra-professional. Situational power struggle can also be observed in which knowledge and medical dominance decides the relationship between healthcare experts and patients inside the organization. Hence, it is important for the healthcare professionals to resume dialog and decide steps necessary for the wellbeing of the patient. Impact of power and hierarchy on the society and healthcare industry The hierarchy in the organization affects it positively as well. Sometimes, it is important to have a hierarchy in the author of the organization to make it functional. This hierarchy is designed to benefit the patient as well as the healthcare employees. Authority hierarchy help the team members with accountability, guidance and communication. Death of patient with chronic disease is normal for the healthcare professionals. However, sometimes the families of such patient start blaming the doctors for the death of patient. Authority hierarchy, at that moment, takes the accountability of the loss and help the doctor to learn from the experience. Hierarchy also helps to guide the fresh employees to understand the job and perform it with efficiency. The hierarchy division also helps to create an effective communication between departments, professionals and patients that helps to manage every department efficiently. Researches have often used different theories such as research dependen cy theory and transaction cost analysis to find out types of associations that is present among wide range of healthcare organization throughout Australia. These organizations try their best to maintain the hierarchical system and to do that they reduce the dependency to maintain their autonomy in their organization. Researchers have used even the transaction cost analysis to determine the role of government in the distribution of power and hierarchy. Research analysis From researches, it has become evident that Australian healthcare system contains two levels of government to make and propose different types of planning, services and policies. This system is completely out of focus and lacks the integration between departments to create policies enhancing healthcare. The healthcare professional of Australia is divided into two healthcare settings (Duckett Willcox, 2015). Public as well as private healthcare system consists of these healthcare professionals. These healthcare sectors are different from each other depending on the size, healthcare provided, complexity and funding techniques (Renedo et al., 2015). These different funding techniques and distribution of resources, technologies and support creates a hierarchical inequality. Therefore, the power distribution is dependent not only upon the level of professionals and healthcare organization, but also on the amount of funding and government support, one organization is offered. These organi zations has lack of collaboration among them and hence, the power is distributed unevenly. General physicians and other healthcare workers in private healthcare system works based on fee-for-service, whereas, in the public healthcare system they work based on government funding (Kim Chung, 2014). Hence, there is a lack of proper and effective communication and relationship building opportunities. Power dynamics are often explained by three factors. The first factor is the usage of different professional strength to protect the autonomy and reduction in the dependency. These factors helps to maintain power distribution in public as well as private sector of healthcare. there are so many government driven policies have been introduced to support inclusion of healthcare professionals in the share of decision making and applying power to enhance patient condition. However, such instances are very rare till date (Lopes, Carter Street, 2015). It has been seen that general physicians, who work in healthcare organizations did not engage with the other allied professionals. This low level of collaboration creates disputes in professionals leading to tension and stress among the relationship of different individuals. Researchers have also stated that the internal authorities mention the general physicians as their hospitals secondary service. Before making any important announcement, the authorities did not ask for the opinion of the physicians and this creates conflicts and stress between the healthcare professionals in the workplace. These aroused power conflicts are effects of authority of making referral decision. Professional hierarchies as well as the traditional power relations are experienced by all of them and are called the dark side of organisational relationships (Barasa et al., 2014). Power is proposed to be experienced in levels such as intra-organizational, inter-organizational and departmental to shift the power from excess to balanced state. In conclusion, it can be said that to ensure patient safety, healthcare institutes should engage themselves in a collaboration in every level of healthcare. This collaboration will help the organization to attract patients due to positive peer review and word of mouth. This essay discussed about the social and psychological model of healthcare collaborating with biomedical model of health. However, the biomedical model of healthcare is most dominant and conflicts with social and psychological model, the combination of these three is helpful for patients to attain well-being. It is evident that the team that has been formed based on honesty and trust are collaborating in nature. Collaboration can be of different types such as collaboration between healthcare professional and authority, authority and technicians, doctors and registered nurses, patients and healthcare specialists and so on. Better collaboration, bond and trust between the healthcare professionals determines better chanc es of effective treatment and reduction of their sufferings and quick service. This essay discussed about the power struggle and hierarchy and the negative effects of these two on the healthcare professionals. Hierarchy is important for the healthcare system and it can affect the organization negatively and positively as well. However, the negative effects prevails the positive ones. 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